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    <lastmod>2026-02-16</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/biogrips-first-conference-at-a-glance</loc>
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    <lastmod>2026-02-16</lastmod>
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      <image:title>News - BIOGRIP's first conference: At a glance - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Attendees on Day 1 of BIOGRIP's first conference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/80456de9-4c00-4562-a108-5ecfdaf5b9e1/Figure+2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - BIOGRIP's first conference: At a glance - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
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      <image:title>News - BIOGRIP's first conference: At a glance - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
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      <image:title>News - BIOGRIP's first conference: At a glance - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Roger Diamond, BIOGRIP Director, introducing the panel discussion on science communication.</image:caption>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/postdoctoral-research-fellowship-in-isotope-hydrogeology-radon-in-groundwater</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2026-01-27</lastmod>
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      <image:title>News - SU–BIOGRIP–CAF Isotope Geochemistry Course and MC-ICP-MS launch - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Attendees at the MC-ICP-MS laboratory from left: Sibusiso Moyo (SU), Judy Sealy (UCT Archaeology), Phil Janney (UCT Geological Sciences), Suzanne Grenfell (SU Geography), Cathy Clarke (SU Soil Science) and Cristiano Lana. Right photograph, from left: Janine Colling (SU BIOGRIP), (Maxime Chalmers van den Berg) Anatech, Cristiano Lana, Riana Rossouw (SU Earth Science), Roger Diamond (UCT BIOGRIP), Liza Rohland (Anatech), Sibusiso Moyo, Gary Stevens (SU Earth Science/CAF). Photo: Stefan Els.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>News - SU–BIOGRIP–CAF Isotope Geochemistry Course and MC-ICP-MS launch - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>The new MC-ICP-MS located in the Department of Earth Sciences, Stellenbosch University. Photo credits Stefan Els.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/welgegund-15-years-of-finnish-south-african-cooperation</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-12-11</lastmod>
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      <image:title>News - Welgegund: 15 years of Finnish-South African cooperation - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>News - Welgegund: 15 years of Finnish-South African cooperation - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/highlights-from-the-environmental-biogeochemistry-field-sampling-course-with-the-biogrip-soil-amp-water-node</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-04-07</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/eb7804ea-374c-4bec-91a9-465fbc4d3da6/BIOGRIP+Water+and+Soil+Node_Course+1.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - Highlights from the Environmental Biogeochemistry Field Sampling course with the BIOGRIP Water &amp;amp; Soil Node - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Attendees of the Environmental Biogeochemistry Field Sampling Course hosted by the BIOGRIP Soil &amp; Water Node at Stellenbosch University over 17 – 19 March 2025.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1744008348999-97A5WQW1VY07OA0UN25J/BIOGRIP+Water+and+Soil+Node_Course+2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - Highlights from the Environmental Biogeochemistry Field Sampling course with the BIOGRIP Water &amp;amp; Soil Node</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr Roger Diamond demonstrating the use of the RAD8 radon meter with a sample taken only minutes before from a borehole nearby on campus.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
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      <image:title>News - Highlights from the Environmental Biogeochemistry Field Sampling course with the BIOGRIP Water &amp;amp; Soil Node</image:title>
      <image:caption>Riana Rossouw (in pink) guiding a visit to the X-Ray Fluorescence laboratory to learn about sample preparation for analysis of trace elements.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
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      <image:title>News - Highlights from the Environmental Biogeochemistry Field Sampling course with the BIOGRIP Water &amp;amp; Soil Node</image:title>
      <image:caption>Attendees sampling a borehole on campus for immediate radon measurement, and discussing procedures for trace metals, isotopes and other analytes.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/call-for-nominations-2025-south-african-women-in-science-awards</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-04-07</lastmod>
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      <image:title>News - Call for nominations: 2025 South African Women in Science Awards - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/the-taung-child-turns-100-reflecting-on-a-century-of-south-african-palaeoanthropology</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-01-29</lastmod>
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      <image:title>News - The Taung Child turns 100: Reflecting on a century of South African palaeoanthropology - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/biogrip-celebrates-its-national-launches-at-the-university-of-the-free-state</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-04-07</lastmod>
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      <image:title>News - BIOGRIP celebrates its national launch at the University of the Free State - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731492359628-WHH1LNSSOX9DSMZBBUN4/1_BIOGRIP+launch.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - BIOGRIP celebrates its national launch at the University of the Free State</image:title>
      <image:caption>Prof Anthea Rhoda, Acting Vice Chancellor and Principal of UFS provides a welcoming address.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731492361512-ZZDN9TZDMLWWZ8AVQ4SM/2_BIOGRIP+launch.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - BIOGRIP celebrates its national launch at the University of the Free State</image:title>
      <image:caption>Roger Diamond, BIOGRIP Director, lays down the rules for the fun competition to guess the stable oxygen isotope composition of various wines.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731492366216-L7UZMTN44L3ECWC8DL4K/3_BIOGRIP+launch.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - BIOGRIP celebrates its national launch at the University of the Free State</image:title>
      <image:caption>Kerneels Jaars gives insight into volatile organic compounds and ozone, as part of the atmospheric work driven by NWU.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731492366990-T4621WWBS60LJPU99SC9/4_BIOGRIP+launch.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - BIOGRIP celebrates its national launch at the University of the Free State</image:title>
      <image:caption>Kerneels Jaars, Judith Sealy, Roger Diamond, Mariana Erasmus, Petrus le Roux, Sarah Fawcett, Imraan Patel and Charles Mokonoto all taking the opportunity at tea time to catch up.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731492370737-2WRP7SDFPLMD13A5809K/5_BIOGRIP+launch.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - BIOGRIP celebrates its national launch at the University of the Free State</image:title>
      <image:caption>Charles Mokonoto, Nokuthula Mthethwa and Imraan Patel listen as Mariana Erasmus explains the workings in one of the CMBG labs, whilst Judith Sealy has a peek outside.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731492361024-9IKUQPLJJZVTCLAR2YWC/7_BIOGRIP+launch.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - BIOGRIP celebrates its national launch at the University of the Free State</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mariana Erasmus, Gloria Cupido and Ouma Ngoepe, the core of the team who pulled the launch together.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/biogrip-soil-and-water-node-seeks-postdoctoral-research-fellow-in-isotope-hydrogeology</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-11-12</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/2a323fef-c73a-4f38-a003-5c4e474a5737/PiNC+Lab.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - BIOGRIP Soil and Water Node seeks postdoctoral research fellow in isotope hydrogeology - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/biogrip-seeks-a-postdoctoral-fellowship-blue-carbon-ecosystems-in-south-africa</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-11-12</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731396164088-J7IUTZZSACE7BTD2A1QL/BIOGRIP_Postdoctoral+fellowship+blue+carbon+ecosystems+in+South+Africa.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - BIOGRIP seeks a postdoctoral fellowship in blue carbon ecosystems in South Africa - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/biogrip-isotope-node-launches-new-lab-under-dr-tara-edwards-bfphf</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-11-28</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1720174242710-YUMMYT1016ZQBT17Y8XC/TaraEdwards_IsotopeNode_Lab+2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - Isotope Node at UCT launches under Dr Tara Edwards</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bright natural dining room nook with vases plates and fruits on the table.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/water-and-soil-research-node-opening-at-su-h7sxe-64kr8-sn9xg-5napg</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-07-22</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1720174242694-8CYGG4Q0ENU2FXIGQMXB/Roger+Diamond_bio.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - BIOGRIP appoints Dr Roger Diamond as director</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bright natural dining room nook with vases plates and fruits on the table.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/water-and-soil-research-node-opening-at-su-h7sxe-64kr8-2478f</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-07-22</lastmod>
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      <image:title>News - New facilities for mineral biogeochemistry research at UFS</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bright natural dining room nook with vases plates and fruits on the table.</image:caption>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/water-and-soil-research-node-opening-at-su-h7sxe-yfd2n</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-07-05</lastmod>
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      <image:title>News - Attom set to revolutionise geochemistry research</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bright natural dining room nook with vases plates and fruits on the table.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/water-and-soil-research-node-opening-at-su-telkt</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-07-22</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1720174242648-5GDJ59J58XL48W7CW4MB/su.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - Water and soil research node opening at SU</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bright natural dining room nook with vases plates and fruits on the table.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/uct-awarded-funding-to-host-biogrip-7atld</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-07-22</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1720174242636-1DRR31JKQR8W2LOYBJSJ/Why+UCT_facilities.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - UCT awarded funding to host BIOGRIP</image:title>
      <image:caption>Pretty Caucasian woman at the beach smiling at camera.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/new-research-platform-for-water-purification-at-ufs-nggkp</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-07-22</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1720174242664-QEW5LEAVQRUNRDBRNHCS/dr-hansen.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>News - New research platform for water purification at UFS</image:title>
      <image:caption>Scenic shot of the beach with waves hitting the rocks.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/category/Mineral</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/category/Isotope</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/category/Opportunities</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/category/BIOGRIP</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/category/water</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/news/news/category/Water+%26+Soil</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-08-20</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series/liquid-to-lime-cave-secrets-to-an-ancient-climate-and-the-age-of-early-hominins</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-06-19</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1750342644929-GD8JJUZY2VV012B2ROB7/Georgina_13+%28edited3%29.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Liquid to lime: cave secrets to an ancient climate and the age of early hominins</image:title>
      <image:caption>Georgina Luti will be the first Kenyan woman to receive a doctorate in the geochronology of human evolution, and her use of isotopic analysis to date caves at the Cradle of Humankind is ‘trail blazing’.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1750342637216-0AS9C2XYMZ5PYKFQYM9R/2+Cradle_05.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Liquid to lime: cave secrets to an ancient climate and the age of early hominins</image:title>
      <image:caption>The skull of a Paranthropus robustus individual found at the Cradle of Humankind is on display at this UNESCO World Heritage Site. To date, the Cradle is the only site where individuals from this branch of the hominin tree have been found. Paranthropus boisei was a close cousin whose remains show they lived in Eastern Africa.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1750342635006-TF4RQ303GYDVHQWBOX8R/3+Georgina_22.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Liquid to lime: cave secrets to an ancient climate and the age of early hominins</image:title>
      <image:caption>The UCT Department of Geological Sciences has a new generation high resolution mass spectrometer that can measure uranium and lead at the same time. Now, researchers like Georgina Luti can run a sample in an hour or two, which previously would have taken several days.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1750342642305-OVGQ676CB3RKEH02HXM6/5+Georgina_01.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Liquid to lime: cave secrets to an ancient climate and the age of early hominins</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr Robyn Pickering regards geologist Georgina Luti as a pioneering researcher in a field. When she graduates, she will be the first Kenyan woman to receive a doctorate in the geochronology of human evolution.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1750342644452-QRJXEBP6APQWL9DMVUT2/6+Georgina_05.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Liquid to lime: cave secrets to an ancient climate and the age of early hominins</image:title>
      <image:caption>Georgina Luti prepares to run a sample through a sophisticated laser analysis. She took samples from various layers of fossil-bearing flowstones at two caves at the Cradle of Humankind. This will help establish the age of the caves and shed more light on the age of the Paranthropus community that lived here.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1df66548-c0b1-4563-a261-ddb53ed67880/roger+diamond.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Liquid to lime: cave secrets to an ancient climate and the age of early hominins - Of atoms and planets</image:title>
      <image:caption>It is perhaps the different scales across which Luti is working that best demonstrate the wonder that drew her to the field when she first encountered geology as a field of study in her first year at the University of Nairobi, Kenya. The rock samples she’s working with only amount to a few grams of material. But they hold within their elements the secrets to the state of a planet two million years ago. The same laws of physics that allow her to unlock these secrets from the past are the very same forces that allowed this planet to take shape as it spun through space and become the place of abundant life that it is today, where our early ancestors could roam, and where we could exist and discover their remains.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series/how-a-single-zebra-tooth-builds-an-archaeological-picture-of-africas-ancient-climate</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-06-19</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731935464008-FVLUXQMUC285OE0UQRPO/1+Patricia+and+Lab_60.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - How a single zebra tooth builds an archaeological picture of Africa’s ancient climate</image:title>
      <image:caption>Archaeological bone samples that are being analysed for stable carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotopes.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731935464269-B5D3ZX99W9L2EGWUQ9DH/2+Patricia+and+Lab_67.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - How a single zebra tooth builds an archaeological picture of Africa’s ancient climate</image:title>
      <image:caption>Powdered enamel from an extinct species of elephant (Anancus capensis) that once roamed in the vicinity of modern-day Langebaan, on the West Coast, about two hours’ drive north of Cape Town. This fossilised tooth was unearthed at a dig in the West Coast Fossil Park, and the enamel is ready for processing in the Stable Light Isotope Laboratory in the University of Cape Town’s Department of Archaeology.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731935473104-NTQ738N9ASJZGL51PMRV/3+Hope_01.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - How a single zebra tooth builds an archaeological picture of Africa’s ancient climate</image:title>
      <image:caption>Enamel scraped from the molar of a grazing animal can tell archaeologists where it lived and foraged, be it one that lived in modern times, or even an animal so long dead that it’s remains are fossilised. When the skeletons of long-dead animals are recovered, it can help reconstruct a past climate.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731935718887-LKRME1CYY4ZQ7D5R6T4X/5_Patricia+and+Lab_36.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - How a single zebra tooth builds an archaeological picture of Africa’s ancient climate</image:title>
      <image:caption>Used reaction tubes from the lab’s elemental analyser.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series/cold-cases-hot-science-and-secrets-in-human-remains</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-12-12</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731595877559-RMM0AT6PQBWGT8ZQ11IO/1+Hope_12.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Cold cases, hot science and secrets in human remains</image:title>
      <image:caption>Archaeologist Hope Chakanetsa analysed bone and teeth samples from 37 unidentified people whose remains are held in the University of Cape Town Human Skeletal Repository, to see if a study of the isotopes in these tissues would shed light on these cold cases.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731595877621-U1I3SE79E9TJNTJA7CKF/2+Hope_28.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Cold cases, hot science and secrets in human remains</image:title>
      <image:caption>Hope Chakanetsa plans to pursue doctoral studies that will allow her to continue using isotopic analysis to investigate new archaeological questions.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731595885436-UEI6YLFPHPJQRZQGSY7I/3+Hope_06.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Cold cases, hot science and secrets in human remains</image:title>
      <image:caption>The methods for sampling tissue and processing these in the Stable Light Isotope Laboratory in the university’s Department of Archaeology has allowed the UCT graduate to learn valuable skills that she could take into a career beyond academia.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731595887321-G7KDH04AK5ETQS0PR3I4/4+Hope_03.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Cold cases, hot science and secrets in human remains</image:title>
      <image:caption>Since all mammals’ teeth are laid down early in life, the enamel in them will always carry a record of what that person or animal ate in that specific time.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731595890451-OSN1SKIH6S7BKP10GDPY/Deep+Caption+Hope_21.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Cold cases, hot science and secrets in human remains - Can isotopes apply to human forensics when today’s food system has gone global and we’re all eating the same thing?</image:title>
      <image:caption>A family sitting down to a meal of mash potato, broccoli and lamb chops in Johannesburg a century ago would probably have had distinctly unique isotopic fingerprints in their bone, hair, and teeth, compared with a family eating a similar meal on a farm on the agricultural flats outside of Cape Town. Back then, most food was produced, distributed and eaten locally. The water and soils in these different locations would reflect the isotopic make-up of that region. As plants take up the nutrients from the soil and absorb the water, they take on those specific isotopic markers. As animals eat the plants or drink the water, and then humans eat the animals, and so on, so the isotopes leave their distinctive patterns in the cells of all of those bodies they enter or pass through. Today, this is somewhat different. The modern food system sees foods shipped across vast distances and eaten far from source. It’s quite likely, therefore, that if those two families bought their potatoes, broccoli and lamb chops from the same retail chain — Pick ’n’ Pay or Woolworths, for instance, in Johannesburg and Cape Town — they will be eating produce grown in the same part of the country but which was shipped across those retailers’ integrated distribution lines. The families’ cells wouldn’t hold isotopic clues that could hint at regional differences in where they live or their travel history. Archaeologist Patricia Groenewald says that it is true that the global networking of today’s food system does make some aspects of dietary reconstruction more challenging than if everyone was only eating locally-produced food, but this doesn’t render the method useless to those in this field. ‘We still make choices about what kind of food we eat, based on our cultural and religious backgrounds,’ says Groenewald, a doctoral candidate at the University of Cape Town’s Department of Archaeology. ‘Some isotope systems are also more closely tied to our environment than others. Hydrogen and oxygen are an example, which are related to the water we drink.’ By combining multiple isotope systems, archaeologists can narrow down the evidence for where someone may have come from or travelled to. ‘The stable isotope values are also not used in isolation, but they can help to support other lines of evidence that the investigator is following.’</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series/a-tale-of-a-climate-tipping-point-and-climate-refugees-from-southern-african-pre-history</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-11-14</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731498025797-T34U7FIY231NMOFLD95R/1.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - A tale of a climate tipping point, and climate refugees, from southern African pre-history&amp;nbsp;</image:title>
      <image:caption>Archaeologist Dr Justin Pargeter, excavation lead in the 2024 dig at Boomplaas cave near the renowned Cango Caves, explains how the discovery of ostrich eggshell beads confirms an unfolding narrative of how hunter-gatherers assembling here about 17,000 years ago were climate refugees.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731498027241-8QLJ433AWSW8HLQGJYRT/2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - A tale of a climate tipping point, and climate refugees, from southern African pre-history&amp;nbsp;</image:title>
      <image:caption>Nkosi Mgcaleka is one of the best in the business and has been instrumental in multiple Boomplaas digs. This work is part of a long lineage of scholarly inquiry that reveals how the original people lived here in southern Africa during the past 65,000 years.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731498034082-DBRBJPWVW4492AIT9QKE/3.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - A tale of a climate tipping point, and climate refugees, from southern African pre-history&amp;nbsp;</image:title>
      <image:caption>A piece of mammal bone left over from an Ice Age meal.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731498037738-EGEN6UYOBEQNHL5Q9946/4.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - A tale of a climate tipping point, and climate refugees, from southern African pre-history&amp;nbsp;</image:title>
      <image:caption>Previous digs have found relics of a lost relationship with the environment: a shark’s tooth and marine shells tell how hunter-gatherers foraged along the coast and travelled inland to a site like this which, today, is 80 km from the coast.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series/echoes-from-the-soil-help-identify-poached-cycads</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-11-13</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730726419063-VHYEMT4XBKKY9WCUTLVX/1+Cycads_03.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Echoes from the soil help identify poached cycads</image:title>
      <image:caption>Once a plant is removed from the wild, it often can’t be returned to its original community because of the risk of introducing new diseases into the wild population. It is also difficult to replant specimens in the wild because of hard soils and rocky terrain. Even though its genes aren’t lost to the diversity pool, it is effectively ‘dead’ to its original community.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730726416480-6XGQL5XDEXI13RIH992K/3+Cycads_19.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Echoes from the soil help identify poached cycads</image:title>
      <image:caption>Poached cycads are particularly vulnerable as their delicate tap root is often damaged when it’s removed from the ground. Recovered trees are usually taken into the care of state horticulturalists who nurse the plants back to health, while securing the chain of evidence if a criminal prosecution is likely to take place.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730726435785-T4SKRDM1GNXTPCV1BRAP/6+Cycads_05.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Echoes from the soil help identify poached cycads</image:title>
      <image:caption>Traditional healers who collect medicinal plants in the wild may cut a whole plant out of the ground for making charm or naturopathic remedies.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730726423900-SDX9NZF53SHZ9646PXW5/5+Cycads_43.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Echoes from the soil help identify poached cycads</image:title>
      <image:caption>There’s been a dramatic increase in the poaching of succulents from the Richtersveld in the Northern Cape, and conservationists are now exploring how to use strontium isotope analysis to identify where confiscated poached succulents might have been taken from in the wild.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/4dffba62-436e-4135-a921-5417b560005b/Cycads_24.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Echoes from the soil help identify poached cycads - Guarding against theft</image:title>
      <image:caption>Wood's Cycad — often referred to simply as ‘Woodii’ in reference to its Latin name Encephalartos woodii — once grew only in the oNgoye Forest in KwaZulu-Natal, about two hours’ drive northeast of Durban. The tree is regarded as extinct in the wild, although not because of poaching. Even though this is a fast-growing plant, and easy to propagate, its rarity means it is extremely valuable in illicit circles. The single specimen in Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden in Cape Town was removed from the wild to protect it and is secured inside a cage to guard against theft.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series/hunting-for-the-origins-of-the-red-gold-in-african-antiquity</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-11-11</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730703529299-A1RBMWUASU9HB6WO8R4I/Bedone_16.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Hunting for the origins of the ‘red gold’ in African antiquity&amp;nbsp;</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bedone Mugabe grew up within the aura of Great Zimbabwe, born into a family whose lineage has long lived within the confines of its antiquity. He is the son of a stone mason who carries the ancestral knowledge of a craft that can’t be learned in a university. As a boy, Mugabe was intrigued at how his ancestors could develop dry stone masonry of such sophistication.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730702280090-TFYVMG86T6BI3POLNVKY/2+Bedone_21.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Hunting for the origins of the ‘red gold’ in African antiquity&amp;nbsp;</image:title>
      <image:caption>Artefacts found in and around the Great Enclosure — the largest ancient structure in sub-Saharan Africa and where Bedone Mugabe’s father’s stone masonry skills have helped preserve — include decorative pieces and jewellery that were worn to demonstrate the status and power of the kingdom’s leaders.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730702291595-8E2IML72BRDMKPKA5LPN/3+Patricia+and+Lab_04.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Hunting for the origins of the ‘red gold’ in African antiquity&amp;nbsp;</image:title>
      <image:caption>The new state-of-the-art facility in the Stable Light Isotope Laboratory at UCT is also allowing archaeologists here to run their own analyses, rather than sending samples to labs abroad, and develop home-grown and improved methods of analysis to understand how metal workers exchanged technology across sub-Saharan Africa during the Iron Age. Doctoral researcher Patricia Groenewald prepares a tin capsule ahead of analysis.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730702298166-I3JRTFRJKK14U2LBXLLZ/4+Bedone_09.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Hunting for the origins of the ‘red gold’ in African antiquity&amp;nbsp;</image:title>
      <image:caption>Great Zimbabwe was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986 in recognition of its global historical and cultural significance. Bedone Mugabe’s chemical and isotopic analysis of artefacts found there is contributing to the growing understanding of the kingdom in African history.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730702341881-083VF8H36YHX5N91JHYU/6+Sam+Reinders_SATourism_1394+copy.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Hunting for the origins of the ‘red gold’ in African antiquity&amp;nbsp;</image:title>
      <image:caption>Some 2,000 km of African continent separate the near-desert Namaqualand on the South African and Namibian west coast from the Great Zimbabwe ruins. Archaeologists have yet to confirm whether people sourced copper from this mineral-rich area when the kingdom was at the height of the Iron Age. It would have taken months to ship metal ores from Namakwaland’s greenbelt deposits to the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730702331123-X6JYI3YFI6MSTLTMBKGR/7+Bedone_03.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Hunting for the origins of the ‘red gold’ in African antiquity&amp;nbsp;</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bedone Mugabe’s chemical and isotopic analysis of jewellery and other artefacts found at Great Zimbabwe is contributing towards understanding the nature copper-based metal economy of kingdom of Great Zimbabwe and its contemporary polities across southern Africa.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series/unravelling-the-oceans-secrets</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-11-11</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730284081835-V4C2W7W9UV5VF7V0SPDU/1+Katye_010+Ocean+and+atmosphere+one+system.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Unravelling the ocean’s secrets</image:title>
      <image:caption>The ocean and atmosphere are one coupled system. Atmospheric chemist Dr Katye Altieri studies the boundary layer, an ephemeral space where these two mediums meet and mingle, to see what their chemical make-up can tell us about changes at a planetary scale.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730284083882-PHAB6X00486ADONE5EL4/2+Katye_057+Cryotraps.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Unravelling the ocean’s secrets</image:title>
      <image:caption>An air sample, drawn from an instrument intake positioned above the Cape Point weather station, runs through a cryotrap which freezes and traps moisture, and cleans up the sample to allow for better analysis. Altieri is interested in the nitrogen aerosols present in the sample, not the inert nitrogen gas.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730284092631-RDHIKI97H18CL379ZSDA/3+Katye_065+Picarro+GHG+instrument+display.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Unravelling the ocean’s secrets</image:title>
      <image:caption>The historic Cape Point weather station is part of a collection of atmospheric monitoring stations that has allowed scientists to track global atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for decades. These GAW stations — part of the Global Atmospheric Watch network — have tracked the buildup of other climate-altering greenhouse gases and monitored changing ozone levels over time.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730703641847-0RIZM7NWZ0AAC4BRQFY4/Katye_034+UCT%27s+Ion+Chromatograph.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Unravelling the ocean’s secrets</image:title>
      <image:caption>An ion chromatograph at the Cape Point weather station allows researchers at the University of Cape Town’s marine biogeochemistry laboratory to look at the amount of nitrogen in samples collected at this globally significant sampling point.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730284106775-10OS3J7PQDN3PP1RT2OI/6+Katye_046.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Unravelling the ocean’s secrets</image:title>
      <image:caption>Casper Labuschagne, senior scientific researcher with the South African Weather Service, oversees the Cape Point met station, which is part of the Global Atmospheric Watch network.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/20733d87-65a0-4cb6-ba21-99b581372c67/Deep+cap++2Pollution_05.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Unravelling the ocean’s secrets - Understanding nitrogen sources around Cape Town</image:title>
      <image:caption>Cape Town’s brown haze problem is often thought to come from people in lower income neighbourhoods burning coal or wood in their homes. The city’s response might be to discourage the use of these kinds of fuels.  Nitrogen particles collected in air samples at the Cape Point weather station can help city managers better understand the sources of ambient air pollution at a local scale, and make smarter evidence-based policy decisions to address the problem. The air samplers at the Cape Point station work 24-7, even on the days when the wind isn’t roaring up from the Antarctic, bringing planetary-scale atmospheric information with it. But it’s also possible to zoom in on local-level pollution dynamics. Analysing the isotopes in the nitrogen particles sampled on these quieter days can show how much the local-level pollution hanging over the city is from the tailpipes of cars, or from people burning coal in their homes to stay warm, explains Dr Katye Altieri.   City managers need to make many budgeting and infrastructure planning decisions, which inform how they prioritise different service delivery and development needs. How much should they prioritise electrification of informal settlements over the rollout of public transport to ease up road congestion and therefore exhaust pollution? ‘Understanding the different nitrogen sources around Cape Town, we can feed information back to the city if there’s a strong vehicle pollution signal, or a home fuel burning signal,’ says Altieri. This kind of information can help overcome the sense that a city can’t do much to address perceived sources of pollution.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series/stopping-wildlife-trafficking-in-its-tracks</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-11-11</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730283367840-KGVUDIV08XJBQ9J3KWOW/1+Forensics_13.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Stopping wildlife trafficking in its tracks</image:title>
      <image:caption>Learning to think like Sherlock Holmes: participants in a training programme at the Wildlife Forensic Academy outside of Cape Town study a staged crime scene to learn how to gather evidence and find clues that will explain how an animal was killed.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730283361219-3AELUQD215O97Q4PDIPO/2+Forensics_31.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Stopping wildlife trafficking in its tracks</image:title>
      <image:caption>Forensic science is widely used to investigate wildlife-related crimes, and typically uses biological, physical, and digital evidence to build a case in illicit activities such as poaching, trafficking, and the killing or illegal trading of protected species.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730283378673-9KJJ3DL87LJJ5WFL68X3/3+Forensics_54.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Stopping wildlife trafficking in its tracks</image:title>
      <image:caption>The preserved rhino at the staged crime scenes at the Wildlife Forensic Academy had a bullet wound to the chest, and both horns missing. The keratin in a horn sample from a slain animal like this could hold the secret to whether the animal was a wild-roaming one, or raised in captivity, and what geographic region it came from.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730283377754-TZR72C6C1CD1VUVYQ11G/4+Forensics_33.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Stopping wildlife trafficking in its tracks</image:title>
      <image:caption>Trainee forensics investigators examine a dead baboon at the Wildlife Forensic Academy, to determine how the animal might have died.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730283382264-C5S9X7GOSTVE0419USIS/5_Patricia+and+Lab_69.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Stopping wildlife trafficking in its tracks</image:title>
      <image:caption>By studying the carbon isotopes in an animal sample, such as in an elephant tusk, law enforcement can establish its age, for instance to tell if the tusk was taken before ivory poaching was made illegal, or after.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1fdbbd37-3c55-4e9c-84ab-cf953d00cb1c/Deep+cap+Forensics_20.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Stopping wildlife trafficking in its tracks - Isotope analysis is easier to use than DNA</image:title>
      <image:caption>Traditional forensics use methods such as fingerprinting, time of death, mode of death such as poison detection, firearm ballistics or physical traits for species identification such as body markings or beak shape. This can help identify if a specimen is a protected species and subject to poaching or trading laws. Forensic methods for addressing wildlife trafficking also extend to linking suspects with crimes, such as fingerprint matches, or ballistics traces linking a specific firearm with a crime. If a suspect has left their own DNA on a firearm or a suspected trafficked species, this can also be a way to link that person with the crime. DNA as a forensic tool to trace the possible location and source population of a poached specimen isn’t a likely or readily available method in this context, though. ‘You need to have maps of a species’ existing DNA in populations and be able to match the specimen sample to these maps,’ explains BIOGRIP Director, Dr Roger Diamond. ‘You are looking for a tiny fraction of the total genome, the part that distinguishes populations of the same species.’ Isotope analysis is easier to use than DNA, in this context. Isotopic analysis of elements found in an animal’s tissue can add another layer of forensic evidence, although the results are not always as easy to interpret as fingerprinting or cause of death.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series/a-night-around-the-braai-from-3000-years-ago</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-10-30</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730266920910-J9H31UEE83PYYIXRREOF/1+T82A0870.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - A night around the braai, from 3,000 years ago</image:title>
      <image:caption>Prof Judith Sealy's pioneering work has advanced the field by drawing the study of environmental sciences and stable isotope analysis into traditional archaeological methods. This has allowed for a more nuanced understanding of the culture, diet, and social structure of South Africa’s earlier  inhabitants, particularly the San and Khoekhoe people.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730271158496-6XKXXDLQFZLVKUBUZMFJ/2+Judy_03.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - A night around the braai, from 3,000 years ago</image:title>
      <image:caption>The Robberg Peninsula is about 3 km long and 1 km wide, and gave the people living there unique access to forms of protein that were rare for other beach combers on the South African south coast. The small digit of land is a popular haul-out spot for seals. The gnarly rocks and tidal pools would also have made it easier to fish for yellowtail. These apex predators have a distinctive nitrogen isotope signature, compared with shellfish such as mussels or limpets.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730271155410-YG37RN0KZB0Q9S43BX8B/3+Judy_10.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - A night around the braai, from 3,000 years ago</image:title>
      <image:caption>Shellfish such as mussels and limpets are lower down the food chain, and their tissue carries nitrogen isotopes that are not as enriched in nitrogen-15 as species higher up the food chain, such as yellowtail and seals.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730266917791-X52DYKLO3K03ESB4NNN0/4+Seals_04.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - A night around the braai, from 3,000 years ago</image:title>
      <image:caption>The Robberg Peninsula is unique for the south coast geography. Sticking so far out into the sea means it was host to a rare mainland seal colony. The relatively inaccessible nature of the peninsula offers the seals some protection from land-based predators, although the hunter-gatherers living here were able to eat these seals readily.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1730266920683-N5CTIPYD64GO4SB07CM7/5+Robberg_02.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - A night around the braai, from 3,000 years ago</image:title>
      <image:caption>Skeletons of people buried on the Robberg Peninsula, or in the area known today as Plettenberg Bay, lived between about 4,500 and 2,000 years ago. The carbon-14 isotopes allow for this kind of near-term archeological dating. Because of the rate at which carbon-14 decays, this method can only be used to date objects that are up to about 50,000 years old.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/7e13c402-49a4-4164-b0b5-1702139ccd6b/6+Patricia+and+Lab_61.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - A night around the braai, from 3,000 years ago - Gender-based violence is as old as we are</image:title>
      <image:caption>A smashed skull found with a 2,000-year-old skeleton, or a rib with marks suggesting that the person had been gravely injured with a bone-tipped weapon — the implement may even have snapped off and become trapped in the rib — are the telltale signs that even in pre-colonial times, people got into squabbles. Some of these could be lethal. Maybe it was in defending a territorial boundary, or the food resources held within those boundaries. There could be many reasons why different clans might not be able to work out a dispute with diplomacy, and might come to blows. Professor Judith Sealy and colleagues have revealed that pre-colonial people were not peaceniks. Like most human communities, they sometimes resorted to violence. In many of the recovered skeletons, it was clear that the overwhelming victims of this violence were women and children.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series/isotope-code-breaker-shows-how-groundwater-travels-through-time-and-space</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-10-30</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1729677598419-XWRI2VPB75YW3029G3YP/1+Roger.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Isotope code-breaker shows how groundwater travels through time and space</image:title>
      <image:caption>You first need to understand rocks if you want to understand groundwater, says hydrogeologist Dr Roger Diamond.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1729677596680-BA9S51TREB8WO1TPYJ0Y/2+Roger.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Isotope code-breaker shows how groundwater travels through time and space</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr Roger Diamond first trained in geology before specialising in the study of the relationship between water and rocks. His specific discipline uses isotope analysis to track how water flows through geological layers and how this recharges groundwater or enters river systems.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1729677606665-F2ABZQHINXKNDIYAU2WF/3+Roger.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Isotope code-breaker shows how groundwater travels through time and space</image:title>
      <image:caption>South Africa doesn’t have many hot springs, but where they do occur, they can tell a lot about what lies beneath, and how deep the water source is.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1729677617486-8GAP1PEE50Q40PW04IWL/4+Roger.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Isotope code-breaker shows how groundwater travels through time and space</image:title>
      <image:caption>The water running from the mouth of the historic Warmwaterberg hot spring and spa is 43.5°C. This means it has percolated up from a depth of about 2 km to 2.5 km below the Earth’s surface.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1729677614408-C2J1HXEZKL9TDKGKL3OH/5+Roger.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Isotope code-breaker shows how groundwater travels through time and space</image:title>
      <image:caption>A small water sample, analysed using a mass spectrometer can help map the rainfall isotope patterns across a geographic area as vast as the Little Karoo basin and work out what the origins are of the water in the Olifants River.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1729682420812-SO876R4B7CMNRHB56PQW/Roger_77.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Isotope code-breaker shows how groundwater travels through time and space</image:title>
      <image:caption>1)     By comparing the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes from water samples taken in rain gauges on three mountain ranges, with those from a river water sample, Diamond was able to show that the origin of this spring’s water was from rain that fell on the top of the Swartberg Mountains, about 30km north-west of the Calitzdorp spring. The water then travels underneath the Little Karoo basin and eventually surfaces here.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1df66548-c0b1-4563-a261-ddb53ed67880/roger+diamond.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Isotope science series - Isotope code-breaker shows how groundwater travels through time and space - Studying the isotopic makeup of river water</image:title>
      <image:caption>The banks of the Olifants River took a bruising during heavy flooding in July 2024. Most of the damage caused during a flood event like this happens when water flow peaks, something which often lasts only a few minutes. Being able to anticipate precisely when a flow peak will sweep through a point on a river can help put effective early warning systems in place. ‘From a water management and agriculture perspective, it’s important to know how much water flows in a river system,’ Diamond says. ‘But in a storm event, you need to be able to anticipate the timing of peak flow, because that’s when infrastructure gets damaged.’ Traditionally, river flow is monitored with on-site instrumentation, like the kind that would have been in place in this derelict station at the river crossing at the Calitzdorp hot springs. This kind of information can help build up a historic record that allows the modelling of future flood events. Rain gauge data also helps understand the nature of a particular river system, and how it responds to storm events. More recent advances in satellite imagery adds another layer of data to understanding a river’s flow patterns. Isotope analysis can add further detail and assist with anticipating peak events.   By studying the isotopic makeup of the river water, it’s possible to map precisely where the water comes from during a storm event — from high up in the mountains, or nearby on the plains — and calculate what the lag time is between a storm releasing its water, and when that will arrive at any point on the river’s system.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series/tag/atmosphere</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series/tag/Palaeo+diet</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series/tag/Palaeo-environment</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/isotope-science-series/tag/Isotopes</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/opportunities</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2026-01-26</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/opportunities/postdoctoral-research-fellowship-in-isotope-hydrogeology</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2026-01-27</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/3bd4ceed-956d-4210-8531-868af01ce91f/western+cape.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Opportunities - Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Isotope Hydrogeology: Radon in groundwater - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/opportunities/isotope-geochemistry-and-instrumental-applications-workshop</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2026-01-26</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/75c60a71-3300-44f7-95be-fc95f860032e/SU_course.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Opportunities - 2-day Course: Isotope Geochemistry and Instrumental Applications workshop - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/opportunities/call-for-applications-junior-research-fellow-marine-isotope-biogeochemistry</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-09-10</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/ff20cdb2-9f32-46ca-ba11-1bb93e025aec/isotope.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Opportunities - Call for applications: Junior Research Fellow: Marine Isotope Biogeochemistry - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/opportunities/call-for-applications-chief-scientific-officer-oceanography-at-the-marine-biogeochemistry-lab-at-the-university-of-cape-town</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-04-29</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/26132c4a-48a6-48e1-b269-ea34d201d1cc/Oceanography.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Opportunities - Call for applications: Chief Scientific Officer (Oceanography) at the Marine Biogeochemistry Lab at the University of Cape Town - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/opportunities/10th-international-climate-change-the-karst-record-kr10</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-01-22</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/9c70765b-61a4-4f06-8f1b-4d839ddb872d/KR10SouthAfrica.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Opportunities - 10th International Climate Change: The Karst Record (KR10) - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/opportunities/environmental-biogeochemistry-field-campling-course-with-biogrip-caf-sun</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-01-22</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/69bf5745-65ae-44dc-b8da-e6062309c1c8/Picture2.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Opportunities - Environmental Biogeochemistry field campling course with BIOGRIP-CAF-SUN - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/opportunities/stable-light-isotope-course</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-09-10</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/eb2d56ec-7e45-4ea3-8c0b-9da9ee13805e/Isotopes_UCT.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Opportunities - Stable Light Isotope Course - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/opportunities/biogrip-seeks-a-postdoctoral-fellowship-in-blue-carbon-ecosystems-in-south-africa</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-12</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731396164088-J7IUTZZSACE7BTD2A1QL/BIOGRIP_Postdoctoral+fellowship+blue+carbon+ecosystems+in+South+Africa.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Opportunities - BIOGRIP seeks a postdoctoral fellowship in blue carbon ecosystems in South Africa - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/opportunities/biogrip-soil-and-water-node-seeks-postdoctoral-research-fellow-in-isotope-hydrogeology</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <lastmod>2024-11-18</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6687c69d82f90b2f98674fd3/1731418083150-UAC3U5QZQ5WAMXIGEA5S/PiNC+Lab.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Opportunities - BIOGRIP Soil and Water Node seeks postdoctoral research fellow in isotope hydrogeology - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/opportunities/category/Vacancy</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/opportunities/category/Courses</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/opportunities/category/Water+%26+Soil</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/reports-and-articles</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-10-17</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/reports-and-articles/blog-post-title-one-y8tnp</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-10-17</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Reports and articles - Investigation of particulate matter and toxic metals in the Saldanha Bay Municipality - Make it stand out</image:title>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/science/isotope-science-series</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-08-20</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/about/reports</loc>
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    <lastmod>2026-02-14</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.biogrip.ac.za/about/scientific-committee</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-08-20</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Scientific Committee</image:title>
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